Ascension Island: A Fortress in the Ocean

An island with no natives

Ascension is a young volcano in the middle of the South Atlantic — about 88 square kilometres of lava cones and clinker, roughly 1,600 kilometres from Africa and 1,300 from its administrative partner, St Helena. It has no native population and never has. Everyone on the island, around 800 people, is there on a work contract with one of the organisations that use it, and no one has the right to stay. The island's whole history is a sequence of uses that outside powers have found for a bare rock in a strategic ocean: a landmark, a naval fort, an experiment in gardening, and an air base.

A short history

1. 1501–1503

   Named

   Portuguese navigators sight the island and name it for Ascension Day.

2. 17th–18th c.

   The post office

   Passing ships leave letters under a marked rock for others to carry onward.

3. 1815

   Garrison

   Britain occupies Ascension when Napoleon is exiled to St Helena, and the Royal Navy runs it as a stone warship.

4. 1840s onward

   Green Mountain

   The Navy and Kew plant an artificial cloud forest on the summit.

5. 1899

   The cable station

   A telegraph relay station is built; the first civilian settlement, Georgetown.

6. 1942

   Wideawake Airfield

   The US Army builds an airfield as a wartime staging post.

7. 1982

   The Falklands

   Ascension becomes the forward base for the British task force to the South Atlantic.

Landmark and post office

Portuguese navigators sighted the island around 1501 and named it Ilha da Ascensão. For three centuries no one lived there. Ships bound between Europe, the Cape and the Indies used it as a navigational mark and, famously, as a mail drop: a captain would leave letters sealed in a canvas bag or a bottle under a conspicuous rock, and the next ship heading the right way would collect and carry them. The only reliable fresh water was a trickle high on the central mountain, which kept alive the crew of the wrecked Roebuck in 1701 for two months.

The stone warship

Ascension was occupied for a single reason: Napoleon. When the defeated emperor was exiled to St Helena in 1815, Britain garrisoned Ascension, 1,300 kilometres to the north-west, to keep it out of the hands of anyone planning a rescue. The Royal Navy took formal possession and administered the island as if it were a ship, commissioned as HMS Ascension. Through the 19th century it served as a supply depot and sanatorium, and as a base for the West Africa Squadron hunting slave ships. Marines and sailors hauled water down from the heights in pipes and fought a constant battle to grow food.

That battle produced one of the strangest landscapes in the British Empire. On the advice of the botanist Joseph Hooker and the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, the Navy shipped in hundreds of plant species from around the world and planted them on the mountaintop — bamboo, eucalyptus, Norfolk pine, banana, ginger. The transplanted forest thrived, pulling water out of the passing cloud, and turned the summit green. Ecologists still study Green Mountain as a rare case of a working ecosystem built from scratch.

Cables, and then the Americans

In 1899 the Eastern Telegraph Company landed submarine cables on Ascension and built a relay station, founding the first real civilian settlement at Georgetown. The Navy handed the island over to the Colonial Office in 1922, and it became a dependency of St Helena. Its modern role began in 1942, when the United States, by agreement with Britain, built an airfield — Wideawake, named for the raucous sooty tern colony beside it — as a refuelling stop on the air route ferrying aircraft across the South Atlantic to the war in Africa and Europe.

The airfield never closed. Through the Cold War the Americans expanded the base with a NASA tracking station that followed the Apollo missions, a missile-range station, and later a GPS ground antenna; the RAF stationed aircraft there, and the BBC built a shortwave relay to broadcast into Africa and South America.

Ascension's biggest moment came in 1982. When Argentina seized the Falklands, Britain's task force was 6,400 kilometres from the islands and Ascension sat almost exactly halfway. Wideawake became the forward base for the whole operation — the supply hub, the tanker field for air-to-air refuelling, and the launch point for the "Black Buck" raids, the longest-range bombing missions flown up to that time.

Turtles and terns

For all the machinery, Ascension is also one of the most important wildlife sites in the Atlantic. Its beaches host one of the ocean's largest green turtle nesting populations, and its offshore stacks and, increasingly, its cleared mainland support enormous seabird colonies — recovering since feral cats were removed from the island in the early 2000s. In 2019 Britain declared a marine protected area around Ascension covering more than 440,000 square kilometres.

What Ascension is

Ascension has never been a country and does not pretend to be one. It is a facility: a place valued entirely for where it sits, worked by people who cannot put down roots there, kept alive by a forest that was carried in by ship. Every part of the island that is green, and every part that hums, was put there by an outside power for a purpose of its own.